The Theory Of Functionalism

The Theory Of Functionalism The hypothesis of functionalism is the most established, and may likewise be the most predominant hypothetical point of view of humanism. Functionalism concurs that mind states are answerable for mental states, yet differs that they will in general be indistinguishable from one another. It is the contention from a functionalist point of view, that, the cerebrum movement or neurological states are what acknowledges mental states, which thusly lead to the social yield in a physical manner. It has an expansive assortment of positions which it is fit for articulating in a wide range of differing structures. They can be grouped into the accompanying; Diagnostic functionalism: The most broadly utilized type of functionalism, which portrays the causal job as a set of working responsibilities of mental states, which are gotten from our ideas. Logical functionalists guarantee, that, the details for a useful job (sets of responsibilities) for mental states are from the earlier. The subsequent form is Physchofunctionalism; which dismisses the possibility of behaviorism in brain research, just as reject the physical part of the psyche. The third would be Machine-state functionalism: This similarity was advanced by Hilary Putnam, a notable American thinker, who was enlivened by the analogies of psyche (the Turing machines) which can figure every single given calculation. In non-specialized terms, the brain is an exceptionally perplexing PC program. It is a state where given an info B, and such and such will in general occur. A model is the point at which we input a lot of numbers into the PC through a console/programming. It recommends that mind states are exercises which are low level, while assisting with acknowledging mental states which are significant level. To enable the peruser to comprehend about the thought which was depicted above, I will utilize the more typical functionalist guide to talk about the connection between the product and the PC. For instance, we type the numbers 5 in addition to 8, on the one level (low level), the PC is reliant on the product for input. The product inside the PC is computing the response to the numbers entered, while at the other level (significant level), the data is yield on the screen. In this occurrence, the functionalists would contend that the procedure of estimation would be discharged by the equipment (screen). Thusly, the product which is utilized by the equipment, goes about as the capacity job. This PC model can be utilized to convert into the conditions of the mind. The psychological states are subject to the mind states similarly, as the PCs programming is reliant on the computerãÆ'⠯ã‚⠿ã‚â ½s equipment for the yield of the data (screen) and the other way around. In the functionalists see, the mind states help to understand the psychological states which works as an all out useful framework. With this, it is implied that the brain is comprised of the all out conceivable useful mental states that it can have. These will associate with the data sources (programming), and the equipment (screen) together, before the two of them produce the yields. Functionalists state that on the off chance that we consider mental states along these lines, at that point perhaps one day the machine may do the reasoning or be misleadingly clever. Along these lines, we could contrast our procedure of speculation with a PC programming, which thus could run on a few unique machines. The idea for a machine is the idea of a man-made brainpower. This insight can be named powerless AI or solid AI. This kind of insight would make it conceivable that one day a PC could be imagined with its very own psyche. At the end of the day, it would think, envision, and reason. It could in the long run do all the things we partner with the human mind. In a frail AI model, it is contended that the knowledge of a PC seems to think all alone, however it is really oblivious a similar way human cerebrums are. In the feeble AI, much the same as in the human mind, an info must happen so as to deliver a yield. When contrasting functionalism and dualism for instance, it has clear qualities. Functionalism attempts to clarify conduct, as opposed to simply watching it. It utilizes the physical world to clarify the psychological states, consolidating physical contributions with the yields, as opposed to isolating the physical world from the brain. In Dualism for instance, mental and physical states are both discrete, when all is said in done terms, the two can't be absorbed to shape one unit (Levin, 2009). One of the most celebrated logicians in the seventeenth century, Descartes, who viewed himself as a Dualist, additionally contended against the idea of mechanical and brain properties to be the equivalent (Cottingham, p. 221, 2012). His idea persuaded that the psyche and the body could to be sure exist without each other. Of course, how could the psyche work without the physical? This would not be conceivable. For instance, in the event that we accept torment for instance. Torment simply doesn't occur in our mind. Torment can be related to something material (physical) which sends a neurological message to our cerebrum that something harms (mental). As should be obvious, the physical and mental viewpoints relate, as opposed to act independently. Another quality of functionalism, is that a useful framework can be feasible in various manners. For instance, in the event that we allude back to the PC similarity, a similar program ought to be usable on various PCs. Conceivably, PCs could have minds like our own, as long as they can play out the a few capacities as us. Then again, a few rationalists think functionalist records of mental states will in general be excessively liberal. For a few, it is a slip-up for a PC and its product to have indistinguishable mental states from a human. A portion of these logicians have contended that a PC and programming would be not able to show real feelings. It would likewise be unequipped for awareness without somebody contributing data for example composing the numbers 5 in addition to 8 into the product. Functionalism appears to overlook the qualia of feeling or any cognizance all the while. This could be to a limited extent that is incorporates non-living things, as conceivable mental states. A few pundits of functionalism do contend that psychological conditions of living things (people) or frameworks (PCs) should incorporate a record of qualia (feelings and cognizance). Another issue with functionalism would be that PCs are non-living, it doesnt not utilize its own approaching data for their conduct as do people and other living things (non-human creatures). With respect to non-living things, they are not frameworks or living things which depend on endurance; and they don't have personal matters of their own. These are a portion of the contemplations which dissidents contend for, and call for functionalism to refine its hypothesis. The base is attempt to recognize the living things from the non-living. Would the issue with functionalism be replied if we somehow managed to envision the brain as though it were bound together? Maybe one could take a gander at individual mental states and envision that some of them could depict certain perspectives? for example memory and tackling issues, yet no sort of feeling or awareness. In the event that the PC for instance would depict any of the previously mentioned, for example, memory or taking care of issues without anyone else, one would not talk about the PC with having a brain or not. One would talk about the PC as having had the option to take care of an issue and utilizing its ability for memory to store the information and so on. Would one inquire as to whether it has a brain, albeit, one would prefer to enquire about its ability for memory, its double dealing and so forth. The qualities and shortcomings have been expressed for functionalism. It is an odd hypothesis that non-living things could offer ascent to various mental occasions. With the goal for us to comprehend on how our brain functions, we have to comprehend these procedures. Just one kind of mind state is required by functionalism, so as to relate with occasions in our cerebrum. It likewise appears, that, functionalism is subject to things which are physical instead of including mental occasions from the start. It unquestionably forgets about feelings and thinking. The reason for functionalism is by all accounts input yield as it were. Lets state, somebody steps on a pin and they yell. The functionalists see appears to show that counterfeit creatures and frameworks could deliver their own awareness and considerations. Regardless of whether mechanical headways of extraordinary size can be made, a machine couldn't duplicate the sentiments and contemplations of a human. These models would incorporate pressure, tension, anxiety and so on.. It is odd to believe that a machine could be creating a character that feels apprehensive or has an ethical commitment to things. It maybe perhaps the case that functionalists are delving extremely somewhere down so as to discover and legitimize their hypothesis on mental states and mental occasions.

A new progressivism Essay Example For Students

Another progressivism Essay At no other time have we needed to depend such a great amount on charitable associations to keep up basic respectability in our general public as we do today, and yet at no other time have the difficulties for philanthropies been harder. A portion of the challenges emerge from the idea of American culture. At our best, Americans have the eagerness, the essentialness, the interest, the elation of immaturity. In any case, we additionally have the immature proclivity to self-ingestion, ill humor, and depression. Such young people are over all serious, endeavoring to see who can be the lord of the mountain. Private enterprise at its most freewheeling is a practically ideal articulation of simply these thought processes. What young people have not yet learned is that the future must be sustained, that kids must become guardians, must end up in losing themselves under the watchful eye of youngsters, others, and the planet itself. The uprightness Americans most need today is the thing that the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson called generativity, the consideration that one age provides for the following. With what sort of society will we enrich our youngsters and our childrens kids, what sort of world, what sort of regular habitat? By concentrating on our quick prosperity (are you happier now than you were four years prior?), we have overlooked that the significance of life gets less from what we have as from what sort of individual we are and how we have molded our lives toward future closures that are acceptable in themselves. Robert D. Putnam, senior member of Harvards Kennedy School of Government, has called attention to some striking analogies between the current second and the beginning of the Progressive time in the mid twentieth century. The marvelous little war with Spain in 1898 didn't keep people in general from being applled at the luxurious self-extravagances of the rich, the torments of new mechanical laborers and urban ghetto occupants, the defilement that undermined large business and government the same, and the general disappointment of open ethics. What the Progressives spoke to was something we seriously need now. They represented a monstrous increment of volunteerism and community activism, however they additionally requested that administration play an increasingly dynamic job in taking care of the issues that intentional gatherings couldn't deal with alone The political talk of late years has pitted government assistance state progressivism against a neo-private enterprise that would leave most social issues for business and philanthropies to understand. George Bush has broadcasted his thousands purposes of light while he proceeds with his forerunners approach of cutting open assets for training, government assistance, and the countries insfrastructure. A restored progressivism would need to crosscut the political discussion and marry lobbyist citizenship to a dissident state. The test to the philanthropic world in the short term isn't just to improve the key employment of conveying administrations that it as of now gives, yet to help direct the consideration of society to issues that require government activity. The arrangement doesn't lie in making new unified bureaucrcies however in creating delicate and canny government offices that can react to and advance an assortment of open private partnerhips in the arrangement of issues. We realize that the association of present day social orders is both perplexing and delicate. Accordingly, the feasibility of society depends, unmistakably more than it did previously, upon the common trust and cooperative attitude of the residents. Full scale quest for individual or gathering points of interest rapidly gets obsessive, yet threatening to the endurance of all. The legislative issues of genertivity accepts social incorporation and support as a key subject for monetary no not exactly for good and social reasons. We are a general public that despite everything prevents to numerous from claiming our residents the help of cultural enrollment and pride that are routinely stretched out to the favored and to all in a large number of our rival countries. Medical coverage and retirement benefits, for instance, are not stretched out to the whole populace. We can no longer accept that paying attention to the human improvement of everybody is an idealistic perfect, yet should acknowledge it has become an objective of edified personal responsibility. Just a general public that draws in the capable activity of every one of its residents can would like to manage monetary, social and natural issues. It might be that, as has occurred in the past when the ideological groups disregarded significant real factors, we need another social development. One thinks about the Green developments which have made some progress in Europe, however considerably more than environmentalism is required. A legislative issues of generativity would not effectively be situated on the current ideological range. It would support powerful political activity at the government and state levels, sponsored by significant duties of cash and ability, yet in the administration of nearby and local foundations and projects. Much progressively significant, such a governmental issues is introduced on dynamic resident inclusion and conversation, where issues of long haul reason and result overshadow the more straightforward records whereupon current arrangement investigation centers. This would make it harder for organizations to work over the leaders of the individuals. The accomplishment of generative governmental issues will be to beaten the legislative issues of avarice and childishness with a governmental issues of the benefit of all. Numerous individuals who are dynamic in the deliberate part dread association in the political domain, with its, to them, exposed strategic maneuvers and faulty profound quality. Be that as it may, as in the dynamic period, we can't maintain a strategic distance from governmental issues. .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .postImageUrl , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:hover , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:visited , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:active { border:0!important; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:active , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u79564b7 d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Message of the play Essay

Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space

Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space Phobias Types Print Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020  Christophe Lehenaff/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment The mysteries of outer space are intriguing for many Earthlings. But for some people, it turns to fear. Astrophobia is a severe and irrational fear of stars and space. It is one of the specific phobias that are related to a defined object or situation. For many, astrophobia is strongly connected to a fear of aliens. Films such as Alien play into the fear that hostile intelligent life may exist outside  of our own planet. Many of these films involve doomsday scenarios, in which life as we know it is threatened by an extraterrestrial attack. Connections to Other Fears Astrophobia may also be connected to fears of the dark, being alone, or being away from home. Movies such as Gravity address the cold emptiness of outer space. Astrophobia can also stem from a fear of space exploration, triggered by real catastrophes as the explosions of Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia. The film Apollo 13 exposed the real danger that is associated with the space program. Symptoms If you have astrophobia, you arent just uneasy with the thought of space, stars, or alien life. You have a persistent fear and anxiety related to it possibly affecting your life. The symptoms of astrophobia are similar to those of other common phobias, which include: Shortness of breathAnxietyTremblingFeelings of terrorPanicRapid heartbeat Examples   Depending on the exact nature of your phobia, you may find yourself unable to watch films about aliens. You might be preoccupied with locations such as Roswell, New Mexico or Area 51 in Nevada. Obsessions with these places stem from conspiracy theories about unidentified flying object (UFO) sightings and claims of a government cover-up of alien interactions. You may retain a healthy skepticism about those theories, but worry about what it could mean if they were true. Exhibiting an interest in such a topic doesnt mean you suffer from astrophobia.  But if the interest turns to an obsession that can prove life-limiting, you should seek help from a mental health professional. Treatment Astrophobia can be treated in the same way as any specific phobia. The focus of treatment will be helping you to unlearn your negative beliefs about space. You will be taught healthier messages and coping skills to help you avoid panic. Types of treatment for astrophobia include: Cognitive-behavioral therapy: In this treatment, your therapist works with you to  gradually change the way you think, counteracting your automatic thought patterns that connect stars or space with danger.Psychotherapy: Traditional analysis with a therapist.Behavioral therapy: Reinforcing desirable behaviors and eliminating unwanted ones.Exposure therapy: Gradually reducing avoidance of stars and space and increasing exposure.Relaxation techniques: Focusing on healthy habits that reduce anxiety.Meditation: You can use this as a relaxation technique.Medications to treat anxiety: These may help in conjunction with other forms of therapy.

Was Shakespeare a Businessman

William Shakespeare came from a modest start but finished life living in the largest house in Stratford-upon-Avon, with a coat of arms and a series of shrewd business investments to his name. So was William Shakespeare a businessman, as well as a writer? Shakespeare the Businessman Jayne Archer, a lecturer in Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Aberystwyth University has uncovered information from historical archives that point to Shakespeare being a shrewd and ruthless businessman. With her colleagues Howard Thomas and Richard Marggraf Turley, Archer discovered documents that showed Shakespeare to be a grain merchant and property owner whose practices caused some controversy in his lifetime. The academics believe that much of Shakespeare’s business savvy and company ventures have been obscured by our romantic view of him as a creative genius who made his money through acting and writing plays. The idea that Shakespeare gave the world such wonderful narratives, language, and all-around entertainment, makes it difficult or uncomfortable to consider that he was motivated by his own self-interest. Ruthless Businessman Shakespeare was a grain merchant and property owner and for over 15 years he bought and stored grain, malt, and barley and then sold it on to his neighbors at inflated prices. In the late 16th and early 17th  centuries, a blight of bad weather gripped England. The cold and rain resulted in poor harvests and consequently famine. This period was referred to as the ‘Little Ice Age’. Shakespeare was under investigation for tax evasion and in 1598 he was prosecuted for hoarding grain at a time when food was scarce. This is an uncomfortable truth for Shakespeare lovers but in the context of his life, times were hard and he was providing for his family who would have had no welfare state to fall back on in times of need. However, it is documented that Shakespeare pursued those who could not pay him for the food he provided and used the money to further his own money-lending activities. It was perhaps galling for those neighbors when he came back from London and brought his lavish family home, New Place. Links to Plays One could argue that he did not do this without a conscience and that perhaps this is demonstrated in the way he portrayed some of the characters in his plays. Shylock: Shakespeare’s portrayal of the moneylender Shylock in The Merchant of Venice is not a kind one. Perhaps Shylock personifies Shakespeare’s own self-loathing for his profession? Shylock is eventually humiliated for his greed as a money lender and all that he owns is stripped from him. Perhaps with the authorities pursuing him, this was a real fear for Shakespeare?Lear: King Lear is set at a time of famine and Lear’s decision to divide his land between his daughters would have impacted on the distribution of food. This may reflect a preoccupation with the powers that be and their ability to impact the lives of their citizens to the point of what they put in their bodies.Coriolanus:  The play Coriolanus is set in Rome at a time of famine and the riots that ensue would have reflected the peasants uprising in 1607 in the Midlands where Shakespeare lived. Shakespeare’s fear of hunger may have been a major motivation for him. Hard Times Shakespeare saw his own father fall on hard times and as a result, some of his siblings did not receive the same education that he did. He would have understood how wealth and all its trappings can very quickly be taken away. At the same time, he would surely have understood how lucky he was to have received the education he did in order to become the savvy businessman and famous actor and writer he became. As a result, he was able to provide for his family. Shakespeare’s original funeral monument at Holy Trinity Church was a bag of grain which shows that he was also famous for this work during his lifetime as well as his writing. In the 18​th ​century, the bag of grain was replaced by a pillow with a quill on it.​ This more literary depiction of Shakespeare is the one that we prefer to remember but perhaps without the economic successes in his lifetime relating to grain, Shakespeare would not have been able to support his family and pursue his dream of being a writer and actor?

Black Feminism A Profound Effect On Society s History

Introduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equality, and desire a compatible and progressive vision of social justice (Freedman 2002). This is based on the historical and ongoing struggles against the race and gender of black women across America. It can be experienced within the home, in an occupational setting, in the communities, and more so within the culture. Today African women, especially those on college campuses have accepted feminism as representation for all women. Feminist perspectives seem to be appealing African female writers who present African life through the favored feminist ideologies of African male as overbearing and instinctive. Feminism has always looked to influence popular culture by its presence and by its persistent demands to be recognized as the official voice of all women. Black feminism nowadays is somewhat based off of things that are seen through the eyes of poor women, women of immigration, and lesbian women. The struggle of black feminist comes from black women not only being equal to blackShow MoreRelatedThe Black Consciousness Movement ( Bcm )2672 Words   |  11 PagesIn the 1960’s, after roughly twenty years of Apartheid, a new movement emerged in schools and universities across South Africa driven by a consciousness developing in the young sectors of urban communities. 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Charles Bukowski s Poem, A Genius, And Power Of The Human...

â€Å"But there is genius in their hatred, there is enough genius in their hatred to kill you† (Lines 23-24). In Charles Bukowski’s poem, â€Å"A Genius in the Crowd,† he speaks pessimistically about the human brain and disrespects the good that comes from it, yet does not hold back on describing its power. He uses dark, extreme examples to describe hidden truths in today s society. In Emily Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"[The Brain—is wider than the Sky—],† she talks about the power of the human brain, complimenting and respecting it to things thought to be incomparable. Both Dickinson’s and Bukowski’s poems show the strength and power of the human mind, but their views on what the brain accomplishes are far from similar. The power of the brain is something†¦show more content†¦As stated in the literary criticism, â€Å"The Brain Is Wider Than the Sky,† â€Å"The brain is compared with God, and weighing is the metaphor, not containing. The brain is only or exactly (â€Å"just†) â€Å"the weight of God.† Dickinson was raised in a Calvinist household and knew the Bible well, so she probably would have known that one of the Old Testament Hebrew words translated as â€Å"glory† also means â€Å"weight,†.† (Thompson, Evan) The word weight or glory is meant to stand for great beauty. This means that the brain was even above god and that there was even deeper meaning to what Dickinson was saying about the brain. This supports my claim stating that the brain wasn t comparable to that of god s, rather that it was above and beyond. Emily Dickinson is comparing the brain to the great beauty of god. With the word weight, actually meaning glory, we can imply that she is complimenting the brain. Dickinson speaks of the respect that the brain deserves and compliments the usefulness of its abilities, where Bukowski’s is proclaiming the power of its nature of destruction. In Bukowski poem he exclaims his hatred through acts, stating, â€Å"But there is genius in their hatred / there is enough genius in their hatred to kill you.† (Lines 23-24) Bukowski is claiming that the genius is the human brain is derived from hatred and the roots of evil. He elaborates in the next line and claims that the power of their genius is only in their hatred for you andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ginsbergs Howl Essay2804 Words   |  12 PagesWilliam Wordsworths definition of poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings is more evident in Allen Ginsbergs Howl than just about any other poem (Wordsworth). Divided into three distinctive sections as well as an additional footnote, the poem utilizes a writing style based on self-symmetry to act as the framework for this overflow. The progression from one section to the next gives an impression of a crumbling society, brought to its knees through years of excessive lifestyle

Involved In Technology Automation Providedâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Involved In Technology And Automation Provided? Answer: Introduction As time passes, we are becoming more and more involved in technology and automation provided through computers in performing our daily routine tasks. Today computers handle almost everything in our lives whether running industries, providing entertainment or enabling our global communications soon they will also drive our cars. Accounting and computers are naturally connected to each other and act as a blood line for the businesses whether small or large (Wilkinson, 2007). Tracking assets and transactions has always been the basic agenda of accounting information systems and are closely related to the early development of numbers, arithmetic and even writing. Accounting softwares today operating small and large businesses through various solutions and catering the needs of masses came through various stages throughout the history. This document will provide brief history, development and adoption, Current market size, gaps and challenges facing customers of software/packages and will lay out certain recommendations using qualitative research approach. While an endeavor is made to sum up the discussion wherein the Accounting application is debated about all in all to be utilized as a part of setting with any organization, however a due emphasis is given to Universities in Australia. A concentration is in this way given to the use of accounting applications with reference to Universities in Australia. The study is specific to Charles Stuart University which is the chosen University where the research will be conducted. An exhaustive research was embraced on this subject. As exhorted in an examination procedure, particularly in the Literature Review stage, efforts were made to utilize cases of business practices from the insightful diaries papers, gatherings, books and expert magazines to bolster the contentions given in this research. Organization Structure The current organization structure of the company is shown below. Operational problems The principle of accounting independence has not been followed when designing the structure of the organization. Due to this, the functional team handling a particular physical activity is also taking care of the accounting aspect of that activity. This can lead to unreliable information. Due to unreliable information, the organization may take faulty decisions. Inefficiency may also be experienced since the team will be forced to perform all the tasks of the physical activity together with accounting (Schaffer, 2008). System acquisition method The organization has very unique information needs that can be satisfied with the use of a commercial software that is already finished and completely tested for implementation. Generally, commercial application are usually customized to suit specific industries (Bragg, 2012). Flowchart The sales process flow chart is an important instrument for business. It gives the company an opportunity to imagine and understand the sales procedures, disclose and also visually highlight issues or holdups, and forecast on sales. Control problems Though there exists security risks and challenges which are related to cloud computing systems. Approaches to deal with the security threats that face cloud computing systems include information-centric security, predicate cryptography, and authentication measures (Joshi, 2013). Literature Review The review of literature in this research involves the historical development and how accounting packages/software are used especially in the context of Charles Stuart University. Information technology has had three successive movements that made an attempt to take care of the reality of IT (Keziere, 2009). This has made all the business functions within the same organization incline to work free from each other. This processes have led to inconsistency within organizations. An accounting software/package is a system that is used on a computer and it perfoms all accounting tasks, such as recording, storing, sorting, retrieving, analyzing, presenting and conveying accounting information to different shareholder groups (Spathis, 2010). Applications enhance the quality of accounting data and promotes moving efficiency between organizations sectors and among organizations branches and their numerous users or investor groups. All the necessary information to the organization of any company requires the valuation of numerous cost objects to do a proper evaluation; correct data is required regarding all resources that are consumed directly or indirectly (Drury, 2008). The introduction to using accounting software is precious to organizations. However, the software applications should have a general guideline on what application standards the software need to have. There are four general features that accounting packages must have (Rushinek and Rushinek, 2009). They include; ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Training should also be done on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met. This can only be achieved through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and administrative structure (Byrd Turners, 2013) Flexibility is of great importance in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as an n application capacity alongside a variation of course or a deviation from the programmed path of activity (Genus Dickson, 2008). History, development, and adoption The commonly used accounting system also known as general ledger is a book with distributed pages for every account i.e. payables, receivable, cash, equity. Each day transactions are entered by use of hand into the journal. Intuit came up with a computerized application named Quicken. The company later introduced Quickbooks for small business accounting in 1983. Turbo Tax, an application for calculating income taxes and federal, were presented to Nivinson. That saw the end of using manual entries and computers was embraced because it made the work of accountants much easier. They gave accountants an opportunity to be more productive (Hodge, 2008). In the recent past, there has been a significant improvement in the innovation in technology and organizations now depend on machines to help in the running of businesses. Since the formation of Intuit in the year 1983, It has played a significant role in developing applications for the current age. Intuit products are vast, but QuickBooks is the most commonly used. The current market size Australia has two accounting software companies competing for the market share; Xero which is from Zealand and QuickBooks Online (QBO) from is US-based Intuit. They are not the only companies in the market but because of the recent developments, they are outshining the others throughout other continents (Leung, 2011) Quickbooks has been on the market for quite some time, but its entry to Australia is relatively recent. Whereas Xero has been in the Australian market for a couple of years and has seen its widespread use by accountants and small businesses due to its capability to communicate with customers. Xero is widely known in Australia though Quickbooks has launched a new user interface for Quickbooks Online (Harmony), customized with Australian localizations to the product, employed staff and opened an office in Australia and is trying to capture the Australian market share. Leaders in the market and what gives them the competitive advantage. Xero MYOB Reckon Intuit QuickBooks Saasu Xero is a highly popular online accounting software in Australia. It offers real-time data monitoring abilities. It has over half a million subscribers who use the application. It has a wide range of business accounting functionalities since it offers speedy internet billing. It has a cutting-edge reconciliation process that allows the user to import and group bank transactions. Xero has two subscription categories. Starter software subscription $9/month Premium accounting software $70/month MYOB: - Australias best accounting software. It targets to be more than a functional accounting application. It has an additional feature that helps owners of businesses to increase productivity and make enhanced choices with a simultaneous view of a companys fiscal operations. It integrates the point of sale transactions into the entire business operations. It has an interface known as Kounta which works both online and offline, and the clientele hardly notices if the Internet connection slows down. They have a compliant capability known as ATO which is a huge attraction. Intuit QuickBooks - A highly ranked accounting software in Australia. QB is among the most widespread accounting application used by small businesses in Australia. The factors that contribute to this include:- QuickBooks provides a wide-ranging level of features that businesses in Australia use to trail business revenue, expenditures, and earnings. Price which is $12/month and $21/month for the premier version. Reckon: Purposes to be the best accounting application for accountants, bookkeepers, and companies in Australia. Its one of the affordable cloud accounting software for small businesses in Australias and is well recognized. It uses a platforms known as Reckon Pay. This platform accepts debit/credit card payments using cell phones. Saasu: - It claims to be the future of accounting. By using the application, business people in Australia can immediately execute cash flow cashing with just a click without additional setups. It offers smart bank payments that efficiently execute bank settlements thus, helps on saving time. It manages transactions in different foreign currencies. Its considered the best accounting applications for businesses in Australia. It has all that is needed to run a business from anyplace, by use of any podium. Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting Leading accounting software packages are cloud based, or they intend to do so. Security of any data is essential to any business. Online content is prone to hacker attacks, fraud, and other threats. It needs a high level of security which might be very expensive. Software/Packages A software/package is an of application that records and processes accounting transactions by use of well-designed components i.e. accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance. There are different types of accounting application in the market which depend on business requirements. Small business/individual accounting applications are mostly intended for home users. The applications are straightforward and low-priced through the simple functionality e.g. managing one's budget (Godfrey Chalmers 2007). Low-budget accounting applications are meant for small business markets that are capable of serving a single market. The charcateristics of this application include single entry products. Mid-market accounting applications is meant for establishments with large businesses. These applications serve the requirements of multiple nationwide accountancy principles due the the multi-currency facility. Suggestions and Recommendations Accounting users have demands for enhancing the quality of software. They software is expected to have general application features i.e. ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Accountants and bookkeepers to undergo training on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met, this can only be accomplished through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and organizational structure. Flexibility is of a key important factor in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as the systems capacity alongside a change of course or deviation from the programmed direction of course. Although the top three companies are doing whatever they can to enhance the users experience of cloud accounting software but still there is much to be done that includes affordable prices, Increased security, Abundant features, ease of use and enhanced customer relationship management. Conclusion In conclusion, accounting software has seen a remarkable history of development since the invention of computer language; from simple programs to complex computing systems. 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