The Theory Of Functionalism

The Theory Of Functionalism The hypothesis of functionalism is the most established, and may likewise be the most predominant hypothetical point of view of humanism. Functionalism concurs that mind states are answerable for mental states, yet differs that they will in general be indistinguishable from one another. It is the contention from a functionalist point of view, that, the cerebrum movement or neurological states are what acknowledges mental states, which thusly lead to the social yield in a physical manner. It has an expansive assortment of positions which it is fit for articulating in a wide range of differing structures. They can be grouped into the accompanying; Diagnostic functionalism: The most broadly utilized type of functionalism, which portrays the causal job as a set of working responsibilities of mental states, which are gotten from our ideas. Logical functionalists guarantee, that, the details for a useful job (sets of responsibilities) for mental states are from the earlier. The subsequent form is Physchofunctionalism; which dismisses the possibility of behaviorism in brain research, just as reject the physical part of the psyche. The third would be Machine-state functionalism: This similarity was advanced by Hilary Putnam, a notable American thinker, who was enlivened by the analogies of psyche (the Turing machines) which can figure every single given calculation. In non-specialized terms, the brain is an exceptionally perplexing PC program. It is a state where given an info B, and such and such will in general occur. A model is the point at which we input a lot of numbers into the PC through a console/programming. It recommends that mind states are exercises which are low level, while assisting with acknowledging mental states which are significant level. To enable the peruser to comprehend about the thought which was depicted above, I will utilize the more typical functionalist guide to talk about the connection between the product and the PC. For instance, we type the numbers 5 in addition to 8, on the one level (low level), the PC is reliant on the product for input. The product inside the PC is computing the response to the numbers entered, while at the other level (significant level), the data is yield on the screen. In this occurrence, the functionalists would contend that the procedure of estimation would be discharged by the equipment (screen). Thusly, the product which is utilized by the equipment, goes about as the capacity job. This PC model can be utilized to convert into the conditions of the mind. The psychological states are subject to the mind states similarly, as the PCs programming is reliant on the computerãÆ'⠯ã‚⠿ã‚â ½s equipment for the yield of the data (screen) and the other way around. In the functionalists see, the mind states help to understand the psychological states which works as an all out useful framework. With this, it is implied that the brain is comprised of the all out conceivable useful mental states that it can have. These will associate with the data sources (programming), and the equipment (screen) together, before the two of them produce the yields. Functionalists state that on the off chance that we consider mental states along these lines, at that point perhaps one day the machine may do the reasoning or be misleadingly clever. Along these lines, we could contrast our procedure of speculation with a PC programming, which thus could run on a few unique machines. The idea for a machine is the idea of a man-made brainpower. This insight can be named powerless AI or solid AI. This kind of insight would make it conceivable that one day a PC could be imagined with its very own psyche. At the end of the day, it would think, envision, and reason. It could in the long run do all the things we partner with the human mind. In a frail AI model, it is contended that the knowledge of a PC seems to think all alone, however it is really oblivious a similar way human cerebrums are. In the feeble AI, much the same as in the human mind, an info must happen so as to deliver a yield. When contrasting functionalism and dualism for instance, it has clear qualities. Functionalism attempts to clarify conduct, as opposed to simply watching it. It utilizes the physical world to clarify the psychological states, consolidating physical contributions with the yields, as opposed to isolating the physical world from the brain. In Dualism for instance, mental and physical states are both discrete, when all is said in done terms, the two can't be absorbed to shape one unit (Levin, 2009). One of the most celebrated logicians in the seventeenth century, Descartes, who viewed himself as a Dualist, additionally contended against the idea of mechanical and brain properties to be the equivalent (Cottingham, p. 221, 2012). His idea persuaded that the psyche and the body could to be sure exist without each other. Of course, how could the psyche work without the physical? This would not be conceivable. For instance, in the event that we accept torment for instance. Torment simply doesn't occur in our mind. Torment can be related to something material (physical) which sends a neurological message to our cerebrum that something harms (mental). As should be obvious, the physical and mental viewpoints relate, as opposed to act independently. Another quality of functionalism, is that a useful framework can be feasible in various manners. For instance, in the event that we allude back to the PC similarity, a similar program ought to be usable on various PCs. Conceivably, PCs could have minds like our own, as long as they can play out the a few capacities as us. Then again, a few rationalists think functionalist records of mental states will in general be excessively liberal. For a few, it is a slip-up for a PC and its product to have indistinguishable mental states from a human. A portion of these logicians have contended that a PC and programming would be not able to show real feelings. It would likewise be unequipped for awareness without somebody contributing data for example composing the numbers 5 in addition to 8 into the product. Functionalism appears to overlook the qualia of feeling or any cognizance all the while. This could be to a limited extent that is incorporates non-living things, as conceivable mental states. A few pundits of functionalism do contend that psychological conditions of living things (people) or frameworks (PCs) should incorporate a record of qualia (feelings and cognizance). Another issue with functionalism would be that PCs are non-living, it doesnt not utilize its own approaching data for their conduct as do people and other living things (non-human creatures). With respect to non-living things, they are not frameworks or living things which depend on endurance; and they don't have personal matters of their own. These are a portion of the contemplations which dissidents contend for, and call for functionalism to refine its hypothesis. The base is attempt to recognize the living things from the non-living. Would the issue with functionalism be replied if we somehow managed to envision the brain as though it were bound together? Maybe one could take a gander at individual mental states and envision that some of them could depict certain perspectives? for example memory and tackling issues, yet no sort of feeling or awareness. In the event that the PC for instance would depict any of the previously mentioned, for example, memory or taking care of issues without anyone else, one would not talk about the PC with having a brain or not. One would talk about the PC as having had the option to take care of an issue and utilizing its ability for memory to store the information and so on. Would one inquire as to whether it has a brain, albeit, one would prefer to enquire about its ability for memory, its double dealing and so forth. The qualities and shortcomings have been expressed for functionalism. It is an odd hypothesis that non-living things could offer ascent to various mental occasions. With the goal for us to comprehend on how our brain functions, we have to comprehend these procedures. Just one kind of mind state is required by functionalism, so as to relate with occasions in our cerebrum. It likewise appears, that, functionalism is subject to things which are physical instead of including mental occasions from the start. It unquestionably forgets about feelings and thinking. The reason for functionalism is by all accounts input yield as it were. Lets state, somebody steps on a pin and they yell. The functionalists see appears to show that counterfeit creatures and frameworks could deliver their own awareness and considerations. Regardless of whether mechanical headways of extraordinary size can be made, a machine couldn't duplicate the sentiments and contemplations of a human. These models would incorporate pressure, tension, anxiety and so on.. It is odd to believe that a machine could be creating a character that feels apprehensive or has an ethical commitment to things. It maybe perhaps the case that functionalists are delving extremely somewhere down so as to discover and legitimize their hypothesis on mental states and mental occasions.

A new progressivism Essay Example For Students

Another progressivism Essay At no other time have we needed to depend such a great amount on charitable associations to keep up basic respectability in our general public as we do today, and yet at no other time have the difficulties for philanthropies been harder. A portion of the challenges emerge from the idea of American culture. At our best, Americans have the eagerness, the essentialness, the interest, the elation of immaturity. In any case, we additionally have the immature proclivity to self-ingestion, ill humor, and depression. Such young people are over all serious, endeavoring to see who can be the lord of the mountain. Private enterprise at its most freewheeling is a practically ideal articulation of simply these thought processes. What young people have not yet learned is that the future must be sustained, that kids must become guardians, must end up in losing themselves under the watchful eye of youngsters, others, and the planet itself. The uprightness Americans most need today is the thing that the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson called generativity, the consideration that one age provides for the following. With what sort of society will we enrich our youngsters and our childrens kids, what sort of world, what sort of regular habitat? By concentrating on our quick prosperity (are you happier now than you were four years prior?), we have overlooked that the significance of life gets less from what we have as from what sort of individual we are and how we have molded our lives toward future closures that are acceptable in themselves. Robert D. Putnam, senior member of Harvards Kennedy School of Government, has called attention to some striking analogies between the current second and the beginning of the Progressive time in the mid twentieth century. The marvelous little war with Spain in 1898 didn't keep people in general from being applled at the luxurious self-extravagances of the rich, the torments of new mechanical laborers and urban ghetto occupants, the defilement that undermined large business and government the same, and the general disappointment of open ethics. What the Progressives spoke to was something we seriously need now. They represented a monstrous increment of volunteerism and community activism, however they additionally requested that administration play an increasingly dynamic job in taking care of the issues that intentional gatherings couldn't deal with alone The political talk of late years has pitted government assistance state progressivism against a neo-private enterprise that would leave most social issues for business and philanthropies to understand. George Bush has broadcasted his thousands purposes of light while he proceeds with his forerunners approach of cutting open assets for training, government assistance, and the countries insfrastructure. A restored progressivism would need to crosscut the political discussion and marry lobbyist citizenship to a dissident state. The test to the philanthropic world in the short term isn't just to improve the key employment of conveying administrations that it as of now gives, yet to help direct the consideration of society to issues that require government activity. The arrangement doesn't lie in making new unified bureaucrcies however in creating delicate and canny government offices that can react to and advance an assortment of open private partnerhips in the arrangement of issues. We realize that the association of present day social orders is both perplexing and delicate. Accordingly, the feasibility of society depends, unmistakably more than it did previously, upon the common trust and cooperative attitude of the residents. Full scale quest for individual or gathering points of interest rapidly gets obsessive, yet threatening to the endurance of all. The legislative issues of genertivity accepts social incorporation and support as a key subject for monetary no not exactly for good and social reasons. We are a general public that despite everything prevents to numerous from claiming our residents the help of cultural enrollment and pride that are routinely stretched out to the favored and to all in a large number of our rival countries. Medical coverage and retirement benefits, for instance, are not stretched out to the whole populace. We can no longer accept that paying attention to the human improvement of everybody is an idealistic perfect, yet should acknowledge it has become an objective of edified personal responsibility. Just a general public that draws in the capable activity of every one of its residents can would like to manage monetary, social and natural issues. It might be that, as has occurred in the past when the ideological groups disregarded significant real factors, we need another social development. One thinks about the Green developments which have made some progress in Europe, however considerably more than environmentalism is required. A legislative issues of generativity would not effectively be situated on the current ideological range. It would support powerful political activity at the government and state levels, sponsored by significant duties of cash and ability, yet in the administration of nearby and local foundations and projects. Much progressively significant, such a governmental issues is introduced on dynamic resident inclusion and conversation, where issues of long haul reason and result overshadow the more straightforward records whereupon current arrangement investigation centers. This would make it harder for organizations to work over the leaders of the individuals. The accomplishment of generative governmental issues will be to beaten the legislative issues of avarice and childishness with a governmental issues of the benefit of all. Numerous individuals who are dynamic in the deliberate part dread association in the political domain, with its, to them, exposed strategic maneuvers and faulty profound quality. Be that as it may, as in the dynamic period, we can't maintain a strategic distance from governmental issues. .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .postImageUrl , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:hover , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:visited , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:active { border:0!important; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:active , .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u79564b7 d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u79564b7d01c224e3f51808b62c25604e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Message of the play Essay

Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space

Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space Phobias Types Print Coping With Astrophobia or the Fear of Outer Space By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020  Christophe Lehenaff/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment The mysteries of outer space are intriguing for many Earthlings. But for some people, it turns to fear. Astrophobia is a severe and irrational fear of stars and space. It is one of the specific phobias that are related to a defined object or situation. For many, astrophobia is strongly connected to a fear of aliens. Films such as Alien play into the fear that hostile intelligent life may exist outside  of our own planet. Many of these films involve doomsday scenarios, in which life as we know it is threatened by an extraterrestrial attack. Connections to Other Fears Astrophobia may also be connected to fears of the dark, being alone, or being away from home. Movies such as Gravity address the cold emptiness of outer space. Astrophobia can also stem from a fear of space exploration, triggered by real catastrophes as the explosions of Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia. The film Apollo 13 exposed the real danger that is associated with the space program. Symptoms If you have astrophobia, you arent just uneasy with the thought of space, stars, or alien life. You have a persistent fear and anxiety related to it possibly affecting your life. The symptoms of astrophobia are similar to those of other common phobias, which include: Shortness of breathAnxietyTremblingFeelings of terrorPanicRapid heartbeat Examples   Depending on the exact nature of your phobia, you may find yourself unable to watch films about aliens. You might be preoccupied with locations such as Roswell, New Mexico or Area 51 in Nevada. Obsessions with these places stem from conspiracy theories about unidentified flying object (UFO) sightings and claims of a government cover-up of alien interactions. You may retain a healthy skepticism about those theories, but worry about what it could mean if they were true. Exhibiting an interest in such a topic doesnt mean you suffer from astrophobia.  But if the interest turns to an obsession that can prove life-limiting, you should seek help from a mental health professional. Treatment Astrophobia can be treated in the same way as any specific phobia. The focus of treatment will be helping you to unlearn your negative beliefs about space. You will be taught healthier messages and coping skills to help you avoid panic. Types of treatment for astrophobia include: Cognitive-behavioral therapy: In this treatment, your therapist works with you to  gradually change the way you think, counteracting your automatic thought patterns that connect stars or space with danger.Psychotherapy: Traditional analysis with a therapist.Behavioral therapy: Reinforcing desirable behaviors and eliminating unwanted ones.Exposure therapy: Gradually reducing avoidance of stars and space and increasing exposure.Relaxation techniques: Focusing on healthy habits that reduce anxiety.Meditation: You can use this as a relaxation technique.Medications to treat anxiety: These may help in conjunction with other forms of therapy.

Was Shakespeare a Businessman

William Shakespeare came from a modest start but finished life living in the largest house in Stratford-upon-Avon, with a coat of arms and a series of shrewd business investments to his name. So was William Shakespeare a businessman, as well as a writer? Shakespeare the Businessman Jayne Archer, a lecturer in Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Aberystwyth University has uncovered information from historical archives that point to Shakespeare being a shrewd and ruthless businessman. With her colleagues Howard Thomas and Richard Marggraf Turley, Archer discovered documents that showed Shakespeare to be a grain merchant and property owner whose practices caused some controversy in his lifetime. The academics believe that much of Shakespeare’s business savvy and company ventures have been obscured by our romantic view of him as a creative genius who made his money through acting and writing plays. The idea that Shakespeare gave the world such wonderful narratives, language, and all-around entertainment, makes it difficult or uncomfortable to consider that he was motivated by his own self-interest. Ruthless Businessman Shakespeare was a grain merchant and property owner and for over 15 years he bought and stored grain, malt, and barley and then sold it on to his neighbors at inflated prices. In the late 16th and early 17th  centuries, a blight of bad weather gripped England. The cold and rain resulted in poor harvests and consequently famine. This period was referred to as the ‘Little Ice Age’. Shakespeare was under investigation for tax evasion and in 1598 he was prosecuted for hoarding grain at a time when food was scarce. This is an uncomfortable truth for Shakespeare lovers but in the context of his life, times were hard and he was providing for his family who would have had no welfare state to fall back on in times of need. However, it is documented that Shakespeare pursued those who could not pay him for the food he provided and used the money to further his own money-lending activities. It was perhaps galling for those neighbors when he came back from London and brought his lavish family home, New Place. Links to Plays One could argue that he did not do this without a conscience and that perhaps this is demonstrated in the way he portrayed some of the characters in his plays. Shylock: Shakespeare’s portrayal of the moneylender Shylock in The Merchant of Venice is not a kind one. Perhaps Shylock personifies Shakespeare’s own self-loathing for his profession? Shylock is eventually humiliated for his greed as a money lender and all that he owns is stripped from him. Perhaps with the authorities pursuing him, this was a real fear for Shakespeare?Lear: King Lear is set at a time of famine and Lear’s decision to divide his land between his daughters would have impacted on the distribution of food. This may reflect a preoccupation with the powers that be and their ability to impact the lives of their citizens to the point of what they put in their bodies.Coriolanus:  The play Coriolanus is set in Rome at a time of famine and the riots that ensue would have reflected the peasants uprising in 1607 in the Midlands where Shakespeare lived. Shakespeare’s fear of hunger may have been a major motivation for him. Hard Times Shakespeare saw his own father fall on hard times and as a result, some of his siblings did not receive the same education that he did. He would have understood how wealth and all its trappings can very quickly be taken away. At the same time, he would surely have understood how lucky he was to have received the education he did in order to become the savvy businessman and famous actor and writer he became. As a result, he was able to provide for his family. Shakespeare’s original funeral monument at Holy Trinity Church was a bag of grain which shows that he was also famous for this work during his lifetime as well as his writing. In the 18​th ​century, the bag of grain was replaced by a pillow with a quill on it.​ This more literary depiction of Shakespeare is the one that we prefer to remember but perhaps without the economic successes in his lifetime relating to grain, Shakespeare would not have been able to support his family and pursue his dream of being a writer and actor?

Black Feminism A Profound Effect On Society s History

Introduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equality, and desire a compatible and progressive vision of social justice (Freedman 2002). This is based on the historical and ongoing struggles against the race and gender of black women across America. It can be experienced within the home, in an occupational setting, in the communities, and more so within the culture. Today African women, especially those on college campuses have accepted feminism as representation for all women. Feminist perspectives seem to be appealing African female writers who present African life through the favored feminist ideologies of African male as overbearing and instinctive. Feminism has always looked to influence popular culture by its presence and by its persistent demands to be recognized as the official voice of all women. Black feminism nowadays is somewhat based off of things that are seen through the eyes of poor women, women of immigration, and lesbian women. The struggle of black feminist comes from black women not only being equal to blackShow MoreRelatedThe Black Consciousness Movement ( Bcm )2672 Words   |  11 PagesIn the 1960’s, after roughly twenty years of Apartheid, a new movement emerged in schools and universities across South Africa driven by a consciousness developing in the young sectors of urban communities. 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Charles Bukowski s Poem, A Genius, And Power Of The Human...

â€Å"But there is genius in their hatred, there is enough genius in their hatred to kill you† (Lines 23-24). In Charles Bukowski’s poem, â€Å"A Genius in the Crowd,† he speaks pessimistically about the human brain and disrespects the good that comes from it, yet does not hold back on describing its power. He uses dark, extreme examples to describe hidden truths in today s society. In Emily Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"[The Brain—is wider than the Sky—],† she talks about the power of the human brain, complimenting and respecting it to things thought to be incomparable. Both Dickinson’s and Bukowski’s poems show the strength and power of the human mind, but their views on what the brain accomplishes are far from similar. The power of the brain is something†¦show more content†¦As stated in the literary criticism, â€Å"The Brain Is Wider Than the Sky,† â€Å"The brain is compared with God, and weighing is the metaphor, not containing. The brain is only or exactly (â€Å"just†) â€Å"the weight of God.† Dickinson was raised in a Calvinist household and knew the Bible well, so she probably would have known that one of the Old Testament Hebrew words translated as â€Å"glory† also means â€Å"weight,†.† (Thompson, Evan) The word weight or glory is meant to stand for great beauty. This means that the brain was even above god and that there was even deeper meaning to what Dickinson was saying about the brain. This supports my claim stating that the brain wasn t comparable to that of god s, rather that it was above and beyond. Emily Dickinson is comparing the brain to the great beauty of god. With the word weight, actually meaning glory, we can imply that she is complimenting the brain. Dickinson speaks of the respect that the brain deserves and compliments the usefulness of its abilities, where Bukowski’s is proclaiming the power of its nature of destruction. In Bukowski poem he exclaims his hatred through acts, stating, â€Å"But there is genius in their hatred / there is enough genius in their hatred to kill you.† (Lines 23-24) Bukowski is claiming that the genius is the human brain is derived from hatred and the roots of evil. He elaborates in the next line and claims that the power of their genius is only in their hatred for you andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ginsbergs Howl Essay2804 Words   |  12 PagesWilliam Wordsworths definition of poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings is more evident in Allen Ginsbergs Howl than just about any other poem (Wordsworth). Divided into three distinctive sections as well as an additional footnote, the poem utilizes a writing style based on self-symmetry to act as the framework for this overflow. The progression from one section to the next gives an impression of a crumbling society, brought to its knees through years of excessive lifestyle

Involved In Technology Automation Providedâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Involved In Technology And Automation Provided? Answer: Introduction As time passes, we are becoming more and more involved in technology and automation provided through computers in performing our daily routine tasks. Today computers handle almost everything in our lives whether running industries, providing entertainment or enabling our global communications soon they will also drive our cars. Accounting and computers are naturally connected to each other and act as a blood line for the businesses whether small or large (Wilkinson, 2007). Tracking assets and transactions has always been the basic agenda of accounting information systems and are closely related to the early development of numbers, arithmetic and even writing. Accounting softwares today operating small and large businesses through various solutions and catering the needs of masses came through various stages throughout the history. This document will provide brief history, development and adoption, Current market size, gaps and challenges facing customers of software/packages and will lay out certain recommendations using qualitative research approach. While an endeavor is made to sum up the discussion wherein the Accounting application is debated about all in all to be utilized as a part of setting with any organization, however a due emphasis is given to Universities in Australia. A concentration is in this way given to the use of accounting applications with reference to Universities in Australia. The study is specific to Charles Stuart University which is the chosen University where the research will be conducted. An exhaustive research was embraced on this subject. As exhorted in an examination procedure, particularly in the Literature Review stage, efforts were made to utilize cases of business practices from the insightful diaries papers, gatherings, books and expert magazines to bolster the contentions given in this research. Organization Structure The current organization structure of the company is shown below. Operational problems The principle of accounting independence has not been followed when designing the structure of the organization. Due to this, the functional team handling a particular physical activity is also taking care of the accounting aspect of that activity. This can lead to unreliable information. Due to unreliable information, the organization may take faulty decisions. Inefficiency may also be experienced since the team will be forced to perform all the tasks of the physical activity together with accounting (Schaffer, 2008). System acquisition method The organization has very unique information needs that can be satisfied with the use of a commercial software that is already finished and completely tested for implementation. Generally, commercial application are usually customized to suit specific industries (Bragg, 2012). Flowchart The sales process flow chart is an important instrument for business. It gives the company an opportunity to imagine and understand the sales procedures, disclose and also visually highlight issues or holdups, and forecast on sales. Control problems Though there exists security risks and challenges which are related to cloud computing systems. Approaches to deal with the security threats that face cloud computing systems include information-centric security, predicate cryptography, and authentication measures (Joshi, 2013). Literature Review The review of literature in this research involves the historical development and how accounting packages/software are used especially in the context of Charles Stuart University. Information technology has had three successive movements that made an attempt to take care of the reality of IT (Keziere, 2009). This has made all the business functions within the same organization incline to work free from each other. This processes have led to inconsistency within organizations. An accounting software/package is a system that is used on a computer and it perfoms all accounting tasks, such as recording, storing, sorting, retrieving, analyzing, presenting and conveying accounting information to different shareholder groups (Spathis, 2010). Applications enhance the quality of accounting data and promotes moving efficiency between organizations sectors and among organizations branches and their numerous users or investor groups. All the necessary information to the organization of any company requires the valuation of numerous cost objects to do a proper evaluation; correct data is required regarding all resources that are consumed directly or indirectly (Drury, 2008). The introduction to using accounting software is precious to organizations. However, the software applications should have a general guideline on what application standards the software need to have. There are four general features that accounting packages must have (Rushinek and Rushinek, 2009). They include; ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Training should also be done on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met. This can only be achieved through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and administrative structure (Byrd Turners, 2013) Flexibility is of great importance in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as an n application capacity alongside a variation of course or a deviation from the programmed path of activity (Genus Dickson, 2008). History, development, and adoption The commonly used accounting system also known as general ledger is a book with distributed pages for every account i.e. payables, receivable, cash, equity. Each day transactions are entered by use of hand into the journal. Intuit came up with a computerized application named Quicken. The company later introduced Quickbooks for small business accounting in 1983. Turbo Tax, an application for calculating income taxes and federal, were presented to Nivinson. That saw the end of using manual entries and computers was embraced because it made the work of accountants much easier. They gave accountants an opportunity to be more productive (Hodge, 2008). In the recent past, there has been a significant improvement in the innovation in technology and organizations now depend on machines to help in the running of businesses. Since the formation of Intuit in the year 1983, It has played a significant role in developing applications for the current age. Intuit products are vast, but QuickBooks is the most commonly used. The current market size Australia has two accounting software companies competing for the market share; Xero which is from Zealand and QuickBooks Online (QBO) from is US-based Intuit. They are not the only companies in the market but because of the recent developments, they are outshining the others throughout other continents (Leung, 2011) Quickbooks has been on the market for quite some time, but its entry to Australia is relatively recent. Whereas Xero has been in the Australian market for a couple of years and has seen its widespread use by accountants and small businesses due to its capability to communicate with customers. Xero is widely known in Australia though Quickbooks has launched a new user interface for Quickbooks Online (Harmony), customized with Australian localizations to the product, employed staff and opened an office in Australia and is trying to capture the Australian market share. Leaders in the market and what gives them the competitive advantage. Xero MYOB Reckon Intuit QuickBooks Saasu Xero is a highly popular online accounting software in Australia. It offers real-time data monitoring abilities. It has over half a million subscribers who use the application. It has a wide range of business accounting functionalities since it offers speedy internet billing. It has a cutting-edge reconciliation process that allows the user to import and group bank transactions. Xero has two subscription categories. Starter software subscription $9/month Premium accounting software $70/month MYOB: - Australias best accounting software. It targets to be more than a functional accounting application. It has an additional feature that helps owners of businesses to increase productivity and make enhanced choices with a simultaneous view of a companys fiscal operations. It integrates the point of sale transactions into the entire business operations. It has an interface known as Kounta which works both online and offline, and the clientele hardly notices if the Internet connection slows down. They have a compliant capability known as ATO which is a huge attraction. Intuit QuickBooks - A highly ranked accounting software in Australia. QB is among the most widespread accounting application used by small businesses in Australia. The factors that contribute to this include:- QuickBooks provides a wide-ranging level of features that businesses in Australia use to trail business revenue, expenditures, and earnings. Price which is $12/month and $21/month for the premier version. Reckon: Purposes to be the best accounting application for accountants, bookkeepers, and companies in Australia. Its one of the affordable cloud accounting software for small businesses in Australias and is well recognized. It uses a platforms known as Reckon Pay. This platform accepts debit/credit card payments using cell phones. Saasu: - It claims to be the future of accounting. By using the application, business people in Australia can immediately execute cash flow cashing with just a click without additional setups. It offers smart bank payments that efficiently execute bank settlements thus, helps on saving time. It manages transactions in different foreign currencies. Its considered the best accounting applications for businesses in Australia. It has all that is needed to run a business from anyplace, by use of any podium. Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting Leading accounting software packages are cloud based, or they intend to do so. Security of any data is essential to any business. Online content is prone to hacker attacks, fraud, and other threats. It needs a high level of security which might be very expensive. Software/Packages A software/package is an of application that records and processes accounting transactions by use of well-designed components i.e. accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance. There are different types of accounting application in the market which depend on business requirements. Small business/individual accounting applications are mostly intended for home users. The applications are straightforward and low-priced through the simple functionality e.g. managing one's budget (Godfrey Chalmers 2007). Low-budget accounting applications are meant for small business markets that are capable of serving a single market. The charcateristics of this application include single entry products. Mid-market accounting applications is meant for establishments with large businesses. These applications serve the requirements of multiple nationwide accountancy principles due the the multi-currency facility. Suggestions and Recommendations Accounting users have demands for enhancing the quality of software. They software is expected to have general application features i.e. ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Accountants and bookkeepers to undergo training on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met, this can only be accomplished through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and organizational structure. Flexibility is of a key important factor in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as the systems capacity alongside a change of course or deviation from the programmed direction of course. Although the top three companies are doing whatever they can to enhance the users experience of cloud accounting software but still there is much to be done that includes affordable prices, Increased security, Abundant features, ease of use and enhanced customer relationship management. Conclusion In conclusion, accounting software has seen a remarkable history of development since the invention of computer language; from simple programs to complex computing systems. Australia has three biggest accounting software providers that compete in a market characterized by ever-growing small and medium sized businesses. Xero has dominated the Australian accounting software market by integrating account software into cloud, as way of solving challenges associated with desktop accounting software. However, there are security threat challenges related to cloud computing. The strategies to deal with security threat facing cloud computing include authentication measures, information-centric security, and predicate cryptography. Reference Bragg, S. M. Accounting reference desktop. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2013. Byrd, T. A., Turner, D. E. Measuring the flexibility of information technology infrastructure: Exploratory analysis of a construct. Journal of Management Information Systems. (2009). 17(1), 167-208. Frishammar, J. Characteristics in information processing approaches. International Journal of Information Management. (2010). 22(2), 143-156. Genus, A. and K. Dickson. Technological Analysis and Strategic Management. (2009)7(3), 283285. Godfrey, J. M., Chalmers, K. Globalisation of accounting standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2007. Hodge, B. Accounting. London: Thomson Learning, 2008. Joshi, G. Management information systems, 2013. Leung, D. Inside Accounting: The Sociology of Financial Reporting and Auditing. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower, 2011. Ramazani, M., Zanjani, M., Vali, F. Accounting Software Expectation Gap Based on Features of Accounting Information Systems (AISs). Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences. (2012) 3(11). Rushinek, A., Rushinek, S. F. Accounting software evaluation: hardware, audit trails, backup, error recovery and security. Managerial Auditing Journal. (2009) 10(9), 29-37. Scha?ffer, U. Management accounting control scales handbook. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universita?ts-Verlag, 2008. Spathis, C. Enterprise systems implementation and accounting benefits. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. (2006) 19, 67-82. Tabachnick, B. Fidell, L. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, Allyn Bacon, 2007. Wilkinson, J. W. Accounting and information systems. New York, Wiley, 2007.

Foucault Darkness is meant to conceal, light is me Essays

Foucault Darkness is meant to conceal, light is meant to expose, and there is power intrinsically imbued in both of these. Murderers hide in the dark, waiting for their victims, and the atrocities of different countries are hidden in history and official memos and propaganda. At the same time, light exerts power because it illuminates, it discovers, it creates vulnerability on all it touches. These powers, however, do not simply exist; they are forged within every aspect of life, even the very structures that people live in. Low-income tenement apartments are built so that they are not seen, colored in a drab shade of gray or brick, build alongside one another so that they blend into the background. They have small lawns and even smaller windows so that people walking by cannot get a glimpse of the life inside; darkness is used to hide their sad reality. Victorian mansions, however, do not need to shroud themselves in darkness. Their almost treeless lawns, small front gardens, an d large picture windows are meant to illuminate their wealth, showing it off for the entire world to see. Beginning in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, the nature of punishment began to change. Slowly, the spectacle of justice which accompanied the public executions and torture of the Middle Ages began to recede farther and farther away from the public into the fringes of society as the institution of the prison began to take shape. Hidden by both distance and structure, the large stone/concrete walls and small windows kept the reality of the prison well hidden from the general public. The prisons succeeded in separating the normal from the abnormal, the law-abiding from the delinquent without bringing any great attention to it. Although the outside of the prison was meant to conceal, the inside was meant to illuminate; the prison was not meant merely to confine convicts, but also to keep a watchful eye on them, to keep them separate from one another and to keep them consta ntly under surveillance. Rather than the massive, binary division between one set of people and another, it called for multiple separations, individualizing distributions, an organization in depth of surveillance and control, an intensification and a ramification of power (Foucault). Instead of merely a holding cell, the prison became an instrument of subjugation, distinguished by the control it exerted over the inmates ' corporeal being. Visibility was exercised on the prisoners themselves, ensuring that even if their mind resisted, their bodies would be forced to obey. The separation, subjugation and surveillance of prisoners became the device through which order was maintained; prisoners were separated so they did not conspire, watched in case they needed medical attention, and monitored to make sure that they were not hiding contraband or trying to escape. The transition from spectacle to prison can be traced to a much larger trend throughout history. With the outbreak of the plague in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century, the need for separation and observation became more important than ever. In response, a system of individualization and observation was created to monitor and account for people in an attempt to establish and maintain control. In response to the dwindling power of the monarch and the further distribution of power throughout society, the Panopticon became a way to transfers the corporeal power exerted by the king himself to the ever watchful eye of those who supported him (police, guards, royal court, etc) and maintained his power. Designed to allow for these anonymous and numerous individuals to maintain power through their constant observation, the Panopticon was conceived of as a circular building with bands of equally sized and spaced windows running along both the inside and outside walls. These windows allowed light to enter the rooms, revealing the silhouette of the person confined within. In the center of this str ucture, a guard tower was placed from which any number of supervisors at any time could observe each individual confined within their cell. Taking an indefinite number of people, the Panopticon separates them from each other so that they may be observed, individualized, watched and therefore controlled. The crowd, a compact mass, a locus of multiple exchanges, individualities merging together, a

20 Argumentative Essay Topics on Confucianism

20 Argumentative Essay Topics on Confucianism If you are tasked with writing an argumentative essay on Confucianism, then you need to start off with a topic. Of course, finding the ideal topic can be difficult at best. In order for you to prepare for such a task, you will find 20 impressive topics below on Confucianism which you can use for your argumentative essay. Review the list below and see if you find anything that might work well with your assignment: Confucianism’s Spread Throughout China, Vietnam, Japan, and Korea and What Drove the Spread or the Retraction of It in Each Location. The Use of Confucianism to Legitimize Empires and Rule throughout East Asia Kong, the Master of Confucianism And How He Impacted His Disciples; How They Taught Him in Exchange in the State of Lu, from Between 510 and 479 B.C. How within the Idea of Confucianism, Learning is a Cycle, And the First Step toward Knowledge, Which is the Next Step toward Acting, Which is the Next Step toward Spiritual Fulfillment, Which is the Next Step toward Learning. The 11th Century Neo-Confucianism Rise and the Change That Woodblock Printing Brought to Private Learning Academies for Confucianism as well as Buddhism and Daoism. Zhu Xi and His Ability to Bring Together the New Cosmology Movement and Confucianism as Well as the Shift toward Investigation of Everything so as to Find Self-Cultivation and World Peace. The Change in Japanese National Religion and Confucianism for Chinese and Korean Subjects. The Qing Empire and the Use of Social Order and Education with Confucianism. The Mixture of Religion with Philosophy. The Concepts of Confucianism Supported by the North China Plains Warriors. How Communication Between Spirit World and Men Was Done With Shamans or Oracles. How Warriors Had to Use Sacrificial Rites Called Li to Prevent Spirits from Interfering with Their Affairs. How Astrology Had Been Used to Indicate the Movement of Spirits in the Spirit World. How Mencius during 371 to 289 B.C. Changed the Ruling Class and Learned of Confucianism as a Way to Develop the Warring States. How When Mencius Received the Early Confucianism Teachings a New Idea of Heaven and Earth as Two Locations Arose, and How within Heaven There Were Two Tiers for Rulers and Gentlemen. In 221, The Qin Conquest Caused a Political Shift Which Led to the Han Empire. The Han Emperor Longest for an Explanation of the Cosmos Which is Why Confucianism Was Brought Back. How Han Dynasty Introduced Yin and Yang as Part of Confucianism to Explain That Each Change on Earth Related to a Change in the Cosmos, even Administrative Policies, Climate Changes, or Production Changes. How the Texts of Confucianism Were Studied to Improve Heaven and Earth during Han Rule. How Dong Zhongshu Revived Confucianism Texts during â€Å"Han Confucianism† and Wrote Five Classics Based on Interpretations of Confucianism to Accompany the Old Texts. Aren’t those great ideas? With those in mind, you are well on your way to better understanding and writing an essay on this topic yourself. Nonetheless, in case you are still looking for help on the matter, you can freely use the facts on Confucianism and writing tips on argumentative essays. Below you will find a sample essay on one of the topics above which you can use as a helpful aid in writing your own piece: Sample Argumentative Essay on the Mixture of Religion with Philosophy Religion and philosophy have been the major factors in determining human culture since the dawn of time. Many different religions and schools of thought have had an enormous impact on the evolution of the world. Throughout the world, many philosophies have become religions when changes in political or social landscapes brought forth education changes and demands for new ways of thinking. This was very true of Asian philosophies and educations. Buddhism is both a religion and a philosophy, though it is more a way of life than anything. Buddhism started in 563 BC. Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, was the founder. The core tenets of Buddhism include karma, rebirth, and the journey of the soul toward enlightenment. Islam is the most popular religion in the world today. Islam began on the Arabian Peninsula during the sixth century. It was founded by Muhammad, the prophet, and spread rapidly throughout the world. The tents of Islam touch on every aspect of human life, but it can be considered a monotheistic religion, which shares the roots of Judaism and Christianity. However, Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the unaltered word of God, and that other religious books (the Bible and the Torah) have become corrupted. Confucianism is a philosophy that was birthed in China. This philosophy focuses on improving and perfecting humanity through teaching, as well as the cultivation of virtue and moral perfection. Judaism is the parent religion of Christianity and is the official faith of the Jewish people. Judaism can be traced back more than 3,000 years and is one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world. Like Islam, Judaism touches on every aspect of a person’s life, depending on their type of Judaism- reformed, orthodox, or conservative. Religion has played an enormous role in world history, and many events that have taken place can be attributed to religion in some way. For instance, the Crusades were motivated by religion (at least ostensibly), with Christians seeking to liberate the Holy City of Jerusalem from Muslims. The Reformation and the ensuing wars were also brought about by religion, with strife among Christians. Germany’s population was reduced by up to 50% during this period. The Holocaust also had religious implications, as the Nazis were very anti-Judaism. One of the most important ways religion has influenced world history was through the development, control, and domination of trade routes. In this instance, religion was used as a means to gain control of areas where valuable trade routes lay. By spreading one religion through an area, a nation could more easily come in and take control of that trade route from another nation with a different religion. Christianity was used to this end during the Middle Ages. References Confucianism.  local (2011): n. pag. Web. A E.,.  Confucious: Words Of Wisdom. A E. Print. CHENG, CHUNG-YING. PREFACE: NEW CONFUCIANISM AS A PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANITY AND GOVERNANCE.  Journal of Chinese Philosophy  38 (2011): 1-2. Web. Hwang Kap Youn,. Classical Confucianism And Neo-Confucianism.  Journal of Eastern Philosophynull.50 (2007): 39-78. Web. Lee, Hyun-Ji. The Post-Modern Implications Of Confucious An Educational Ideal.  Jonrnal of Social Thoughts and Culture  29 (2014): 169. Web. Ruggiero, Adriane.  Confucianism. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Print. Slavicek, Louise Chipley.  Confucianism. San Diego, Calif.: Lucent Books, 2002. Print.

Research paper Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research paper - Annotated Bibliography Example The fear and prejudice against Muslim has led to an attack on all Muslims, including burning the mosques. The Muslims perceive this as hatred towards a different color or a different religion. Towards the close of the Ramadan, a mosque was brought down to rumbles in Missouri (Amer & Basu, 2012). Thus, there is an Islamophobia, which does not necessarily differentiate between terrorists and Muslims, or the Muslim religion.In New York, a student attacked and stabbed a cab driver who was a Muslim, raising the question of whether this act was triggered by the perpetrators hate for Muslims or it was just a criminal act targeting at any cab driver (Crudele & Esposito, 2012). The New York mayor termed the incidence disgraceful, amidst the uncertainty of what exactly had triggered this action. If such an action was triggered by such hatred, then it is apparent that the prejudice against the Muslims is turning to fatal level. The anniversary on the September 2011 attacks in America has always created dark memories, igniting a feeling of resentfulness between the Americans and the Muslims. This could be the possible trigger of the recent attacks on the Muslim faith, marked by arsonists and anti-Sharia movements (Lean, 2012). There has been a sustained attitude of hate towards the Muslims, which is a wrong response to the losses suffered during the 2001 attack. The ban of the Muslim headscarf for schools in southern Russia has angered the Muslim, raising the concern that such a move has forced the Muslim girls to choose between state education and their religion, which is totally inappropriate (Mooneye, 2012).. Thus, the tension between the Muslims and the rest has continued to rise, owing to the perception that Muslims are associated to terrorism in one way or the other. Recently, a man in Connecticut threatened to assault a Muslim woman because of her religion heritage. This promoted The Council on Ameri can-Islamic Relations (CAIR) to call on the FBI to

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global Marketing - Assignment Example Today the global economy is as turbulent as it gets. The economies of the western developed nations are still felling the wrath of the economic down turn of 2008. Therefore a lot of companies belonging to countries like U.K. or U.S. are looking to set up business in the emerging economies which includes the brics and mitsk countries such as India, China, Mexico, Brazil etc. (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010, p. 141). The present study has been done in lieu to analyze the internationalization process of a product which is actually not present in a targeted or host nations. Such circumstances would provide scope for a thorough understanding about the fundamental yet extremely aspect of setting up a business in an international market. During the course of the study various important concepts related to the international marketing such as the market attractiveness analysis, analysis of potential threats and opportunities and threats, evaluation and selection of appropriate market entry strategy , market segmentation, targeting and positioning has been discussed. Product Choice As per the pre-defined project criteria the company to be discussed has been chosen as Innocent Drinks. The company was founded in 1999 by Adam Balon, Richard Reed and Jon Wright. All of them were Cambridge University graduates. The main product produced by the company includes crushed fruits, vegetables and juices. The fruit juices provided by the company are mainly known as smoothies who are usually provided to the customers in small bottles and big cartoons. The ingredients used include apple, topical, mango, apple, berry, and other vegetables such as carrots, ginger, etc. In 2009, the company announced the decision to sell 10-20% of stake to the soft drinks giants Coca-Cola. On February of 2013 coca-cola increased the stake to 90%. The decision to internationalise Coca-cola becoming the majority stake holder provided a lot of opportunity for the company to global. The company already has internat ional presence in the form of countries such as Ireland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, etc. However, the company does not have any significant presence in Latin America and U.S. Deciding which market to enter While deciding the appropriate choice of the markets come to mind including North American, Latin American countries and also Asian Countries. Among these Asian countries would most definitely be an interesting choice. But it has to be said that while entering the Asian market two diverse factors would be the extreme geographical and cultural differences. Also although the hot and humid conditions of countries like India looks to be tailor made for the launch of such products; idea gets eliminated on the count that the product is already present in India. Hence the next choice to look forward would be the Latin American nation. Among these the top two contenders would be Mexico. Despite of the recent economic downturn the country has witnessed a steady growth in the GDP sinc e 2010 till present by 5.5%. The GDP per capita happens to be $15,782 at the end of the last fiscal year. According to a research conducted by just-drinks, the Mexican soft drinks industry grew by 3.7% in the last year and is expected to reach a value of $15.18bn by 2014. From 2008 to 2012 there also happens to be a steady growth in the disposable income of the people in Mexico. The demand for

Shock And Anaphylactic Shock

Shock And Anaphylactic Shock Shock is a medical emergency in which the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving a sufficient flow of blood. This deprives the organs and tissues of oxygen (which is carried in the blood) and allows the buildup of waste products. Shock can result in serious damage or even death. (Shock, 2008) Shock is usually caused by three major categories of problems: cardiogenic (problems associated with the heart), hypovolemic (total volume of blood available to circulate is low), and septic shock (infection in the blood). Cardiogenic shock can be caused by any disease which prevents the heart muscle from pumping strongly enough to circulate the blood normally. Heart attack, disturbances of the electrical rhythm of the heart, and any kind of mass which interferes with flow out of the heart are all things that affect the hearts ability to pump a normal quantity of blood. Hypovolemic shock happens when the total volume of blood in the body falls well below normal. This can happen when there is excess fluid loss, as in dehydration due to vomiting or diarrhea, diseases which cause excess urination (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and kidney failure), extensive burns, blockage in the intestines, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), or severe bleeding anywhere in or througho ut the body. Septic shock can occur when an untreated or inadequately treated infection is allowed to grow in the body. Bacteria often produce toxins which can cause injury throughout the body. When large quantities of these bacteria, and the toxins, begin circulating in the bloodstream, every organ and tissue in the body is at risk of their damaging effects. The most damaging consequences of these bacteria and toxins include poor functioning of the heart muscles, widening of the diameter of the blood vessels, drops in blood pressure, activation of the blood clotting system that causes blood clots, followed by uncontrollable bleeding, damage to the lungs, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome, liver failure, kidney failure, and coma. (Weil, 2007) Treatment of shock includes keeping the patient warm, with legs raised and head down (to improve blood flow to the brain), putting a needle in a vein in order to give fluids or blood transfusions, giving the patient extra oxygen to breathe, medications to improve the hearts functioning, and treating the underlying condition which led to shock. The most preventable type of shock is caused by dehydration during an illnesses with severe vomiting or diarrhea. Shock can be avoided by realizing that a patient who is unable to drink needs to be given fluids intravenously. Other types of shock are only preventable by preventing the underlying conditions, or monitor and manage those conditions well enough so that they never progress to the point of shock. An anaphylactic shock is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening allergic reaction. This allergic reaction can start within seconds of exposure, and rapidly develop to cause airway constriction, skin and intestinal irritation, and abnormal heart rhythms. An anaphylactic shock is caused by the release of histamine and other chemicals from mast cells. Mast cells are a type of white blood cell and they are found in tissues that regulate exchange with our environment. Mast cells have antibodies called IgE (immunoglobulin type E). IgE are made to detect environmental substances to which the immune system is sensitive. A substance that most people can tolerate, but others have an allergic response, is called an allergen. When IgE antibodies come together with allergens, they cause the mast cells to release histamine and other chemicals, which mix into all of the bodys cells. This causes your bodys vessels to leak fluid into surrounding tissues, causing the fluid accumulation, redness, and swelling. On smooth muscle cells of the airways and digestive system, they cause constriction. On nerve endings, they cause itching. (Molle, Durham, Kronenberger, West-Stack, 2004) In an anaphylactic shock, the life threatening response is due to extreme hypersensivity to the allergen. Exposure by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact causes anaphylaxis. Specific causes are fish, shellfish, nuts, stings of bees, wasps, or hornets, vaccines, antibiotics, insulin, hormones, aspirin and latex. Symptoms of an anaphylactic shock are hives, swelling of the tongue or mouth swelling of sinuses, difficulty breathing, wheezing, cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, anxiety, confusion, high BP, or loss of consciousness. Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis involves injection of epinephrine which helps constricts blood vessels and counteracts the effects of histamine. Oxygen can be given. Antihistamines can be used for skin rash, and amino-phylline for bronchial constriction. If the airway is obstructed, placement of a breathing tube would be needed as well. (Molle, Durham, Kronenberger, West-Stack, 2004) The prognosis of an anaphylactic shock depends on how quickly emergency medical attention is given. However, death is possible from severe anaphylaxis. For those who receive rapid treatment, speedy recovery is likely. The only reliable method of preventing an anaphylactic shock is complete avoidance of the allergen. For insect allergies, it is recommended to learn nesting sites and habits. To prevent food allergies, have knowledge of prepared foods or dishes in which the allergen is likely to be present and careful observations and questioning about ingredients when dining out. Also, use of a Medi-Al ert tag listing drug allergies is vital to prevent unintentional administration of drugs during a medical emergency. People prone to anaphylaxis should carry an Epi-pen that contains adrenaline for immediate injection. In conclusion, both shock and anaphylactic shock are extreme medical emergencies that should be handled with effectiveness and precision. It is crucial for the medical professional to be educated on the steps needed to respond to this emergency. Additionally patients should be educated on steps to prevent these shocks, and how to properly contact medical personnel.

The Theory Of Storage :: essays research papers

The Theory of Storage THE THEORY OF STORAGE. â€Å"THE SUPPLY OF STORAGE REFERS NOT TO THE SUPPLY Of STORAGE SPACE BUT TO THE SUPPLY OF COMMODITIES AS INVENTORIES. IN GENERAL A SUPPLIER OF STORAGE IS ANYONE WHO HOLDS TITLE TO STOCKS WITH A VIEW TO THEIR FUTURE SALE, EITHER IN THEIR PRESENT OR IN A MODIFIED FORM. SINCE PRODUCTION IS NOT STABLE FOR ALL COMMODITIES ESPECIALLY ARGICULTURAL CONSUMERS DEMAND THAT THE STORAGE FUNCTION BE SO PERFORMED THAT THE FLOW OF COMMODITIES FOR SALE WILL BE MADE RELATIVELY STABLE." (BRENNAN P. 51) "the theory purports to provide an explanation of the holding of all stocks, including those for which there is not an active future market. it will be shown that, on the supply side, in addition to the marginal expenditure on physical storage and the marginal convenience yield another variable, a risk premium, is required to explain the holding of stocks as functions of price spreads. in the empirical part of the study the theory will be applied to stocks of several agricultural commodities. the risk premium for each commodity will be measured residually under specified conditions by deducting form the price spread between two periods the other two components of the marginal cost of storage." (brennan p.50) IN GENERAL WE CAN OBTAIN A MEASURE OF THE RELATIVE RISK PREMIUMS INVOLVED IN THE STORAGE OF DIFFERENT COMMODITITES. "allen Paul, in a 1970 American journal of agricultural economics article, studied the pricing of grain storage space in the u.s. during the surplus period of the 1950s and 1960s. Paul's work differs from other works in that he investigates the pricing of all grain storage not just that available to a particular commodity. While brennan's marginal storage cost is from the point of view of the owner of the grain, Paul is looking at the first component only.

Brief Gonzales V. Raich

The case entitled ALBERTO R. GONZALES, ATTORNEYT GENERAL, et al. , PETITIONERS v. ANGEL McCLARY RAICH et al had the case no 03 – 1454. This was a case filed in the United States of America Supreme Court. The case was formerly known as the Ashcroft v. Raich. Substantive Facts The respondents, before the case was filed were growing and consuming cannabis. This is in accordance with the fact that they use the marijuana for medical purpose.The growing and consumption activities were authorized by the state of California; the Controlled Substances Act of the federal government had confiscated the medicines and drugs that were derived from the marijuana plants. Because of the confiscation of the drugs that were from marijuana, the respondents had posted a claim that the infliction of the CSA against them is a violation in the Commerce Clause. The inflictions also had violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment including the 9th and 10th amendments.Medical necessity is als o claimed to be violated with the inflictions of the Controlled Substance Act (AudioCaseFiles, 2007). It was noted that California is a state wherein the use of marijuana for medical purpose is allowed. Without the drugs derived from marijuana, there would be so much pain experienced by the patients and death could result from those pains. Procedural History Angel Raich together with her companions in the field of medicine had sued the government because of the interference done by the federal government to their endeavor of using marijuana for medical purposes.Their claim is that the federal government had violated the constitution since it is constitutionally right to use marijuana for it (marijuana) was permitted to be used within the premises of the California State. Moreover, the claim included that the marijuana used by the California’s Medical co-ops are not in the name of commerce, nor did they bought the drugs from other states. Thus, the resources used for growing t he marijuana plants were only obtained within the premises of the State of California.Another claim from the Angel Raich was that she had used marijuana to prevent herself from dying because her doctor had claimed that she has allergies to the medicines she was prescribed. The federal government on the other hand claims that it was written in the Controlled Substances Act that it does not permit the legal use of marijuana in terms of medical purposes. Moreover, when the California State will not cease in using marijuana, it would be unfair for the other states not to also use marijuana for medical purpose.Their claim is not to permit exemption in using marijuana as stated in the US Federal Law. Broad and Narrow Holdings There is a general rule in the Constitution of the United States of America that the constitution is not allowing or permitting police powers to be carried by the federal government. But it was also stated in a clause in the US Constitution that it the federal govern ment will have this limited power in terms of commerce regulation in other countries and within the several states of the country. The clause that had given a limited power to the federal government is the Commerce Clause.As written in the history of the Commerce Clause, the federal government did only a very little interference with the activities done in the states of the country. The case of Angel Raich is quite simple not like the several cases filed in the Cumpreme Court of the United States. It was very clear that there was no commerce that had undergone in the course of the marijuana usage by the California Medical Co-op. All the activities done by the Raich and company had been within the California State and it was clear that the drugs were purely used for treating illness and diseases, specifically used also by Raich (Guither, 2007).Doctrinal and Policy Reasoning The case of Wickward v. Filburn which is related to the wheat production was used t ocompare the Raich’s case. In the wheat production case which was also commerce related case, the farmers are regulate the production of wheat in order to have a control in the volume of wheat that is transported within the states of the country. Filburn had a process did not violate the law because he only sold a portion of his wheat and other wheat produced was used for home consumption and other purposes. Filburn had lost the case considering the unsold portion of the wheat (Guither, 2007).Miscellaneous Justice Sandra Day O'Connor who presented a dissent of the GONZALES V. RAICH case started her statement by citing come of the relevant issues that are related to the case. She had stated the action done by the Commerce Clause authority was related to the Federalism issue among the states. Federalism is the one which encourage innovation if the state of California had agreed to be the laboratory of the entire country and will have the role of doing and performing experiments and studies which would no t affect the country.It is a federal crime according to Justice O’Connor to grow marijuana in your backyard and use it for medical purposes but if the state of California was considered to be a laboratory, then the use of marijuana (for medical purposes) is not a question (Cornell University Law School, 2007). Justice Clarence Thomas had also written a separate dissent of the case. He mentioned that the cultivation as well as consumption of marijuana done by the respondents is not included running in the commerce industry since there was no production for marketing done nor the respondents had bought materials for the cultivation.Thus, there was no strong evidence that the respondents had violated the Commerce Clause or even any law that was listed in the Constitution. The federal government in return should not have prohibited such activities (Cornell University Law School, 2007). Literature Cited: AudioCaseFiles. (2007). Gonzales v. Raich. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://www. audiocasefiles. com/cases/detail/case/8834/ Cornell University Law School (2007). Supreme Court Colloection; GONZALES V. RAICH (03-1454) 545 U. S. 1 (2005) 352 F. 3d 1222, vacated and remanded. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://www.law. cornell. edu/supct/html/03-1454. ZD1. html Cornell University Law School (2007). Supreme Court Colloection; GONZALES V. RAICH (03-1454) 545 U. S. 1 (2005) 352 F. 3d 1222, vacated and remanded. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/03-1454. ZD. html Curtis, Parker, Douglas, Finkleman (2007). Constitutional Law in Context. Volume 1. Second Edition. Guither, Pete. (2007). Raich v. Ashcroft – A Guide to the Supreme Court Case. Drug Warrant. com. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://blogs. salon. com/0002762/stories/2004/11/23/raichVAshcroftAGuideToTheS. html

The Night Battles and Peasants of Early Modern Europe

The Night Battles Composing of most of the European population in the 1500’s and 1600’s, peasants played an important role in the development of Europe. In his book The Night Battles, Carlo Ginzburg gives a unique perspective on the lives of Friulian peasants through the analysis of inquisitorial records. During the inquisitions, peasants were categorized as witches or benandanti, which literally means well-farer. â€Å"The benandanti were a small group of men and women, who because they were born with a caul, were regarded as professional antiwitches. They told inquisitors that, in dreams, they fought ritual battles against witches and wizards to protect their villages and harvests from harm.† (Ginzburg. Back Cover) Although the lives of the†¦show more content†¦23) The lives of most peasants from the early modern period also depended on agriculture, as most lived on farmland and depended on a good harvest for money and freedom. However, in order to protect their crops, the early modern peasant depended on farming techniques and tools such as the â€Å"three-field system† and innovations such as the use of mills and metal harvesting. (Merriman. 15) Although their ways of taking care of their crops differed, nonetheless, agriculture was perhaps the single most important part of a peasant’s life. Two similarities between the Friulian benandanti and the average peasant of the early modern period, is the fact that they are both uneducated and subsequently influenced very easily. These two things come hand-in hand, as the education level of peasants made it easy for them to be influenced. Early modern peasants contributed greatly to the rise of the Renaissance and the Reformation particularly because of their vulnerability to outside influences. Although education was limited for the upper class during the Renaissance, and books were limited, the minds of Christian peasants were also subjected to change during the time. This was no different for benandanti peasants who according to Ginzburg were also introduced to humanism. Peasant, Niccolo Pellizzaro was condemned in 1595 for saying that â€Å"the benedictions which priestsShow MoreRelated Historical References to Faust Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesan incredibly popular collection of (barely believable) anecdotes and stories about him called Volksbuch, which was published in 1587. The Volksbuch was an important source of inspiration to Goethe and other authors as they wrote about Faust. 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